Ngaba ukhe wazama ukuthenga incwadi evela phesheya kwaye waziva ngathi ufuna isidanga somthetho ukuze uqonde ukuhanjiswa, amasiko, kwaye ngubani ohlawula ntoni? Ii-Incoterms zinokuziva ngathi isuphu yealfabhethi, ngakumbi xa "intengiso" yakho ngequbuliso inemirhumo engaqondakaliyo.
Ungayilungisa le nto ngokufunda ii-Incoterms ezisisiseko ukuze wazi iindleko zakho, umngcipheko, kunye noxanduva lokuhambisa kwangaphambili. Sebenzisa esi sikhokelo kwaye ujonge inkcazo ye-Incoterms esemthethweni ye-ICC apha:I-International Chamber of Commerce-Incoterms 2020.
📦 Ukuqonda iSiseko sokuThunyelwa kweHlabathi kuBafundi baMazwe ngaMazwe
Ukuhanjiswa kwelizwe jikelele kukuvumela ukuba uthenge ngokukhuselekileyo kubathengisi baphesheya kweelwandle. Ukwazi iindlela, amaxwebhu, kunye neerhafu zasekuhlaleni kukunceda uphephe ukulibaziseka, iintlawulo ezongezelelweyo, kunye neemveliso ezonakalisiweyo.
Xa ungenisa izixhobo zekhompyutha njengeUbuqu-iKiosk yenkonzo, imithetho ecacileyo yokuthumela ikhusela ibhajethi yakho, ixesha lokuhambisa, kunye nenkxaso yewaranti.
1. Iindlela eziPhambili zokuThumela iHlabathi
Indlela nganye yokuthumela ibhalansi isantya, iindleko, kunye nokuthembeka. Khetha ngokusekwe kubungakanani beodolo yakho, ixabiso, kunye nokuba uzifuna ngokukhawuleza kangakanani iimpahla.
- Uthutho lomoya - ngokukhawuleza, ixabiso eliphezulu, lilungele iindawo ezingxamisekileyo.
- Uthutho lwaselwandle - luxabiso eliphantsi kwiiodolo ezininzi, ixesha elide lokuhamba.
- I-Express courier - umnyango nomnyango, umkhondo olula, phakathi ukuya kwixabiso eliphezulu.
- Uloliwe okanye indlela – iluncedo kuthutho lwengingqi okanye olunqumla imida.
2. Amaxwebhu angundoqo kufuneka uwahlolisise
Amaphepha achanekileyo anciphisa umngcipheko wamasiko kunye neentlawulo zokugcina. Ngalo lonke ixesha ucela umthengisi wakho ukuba abelane ngeedrafti ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa.
| Uxwebhu | Injongo ephambili |
|---|---|
| I-invoyisi yoRhwebo | Ibonisa ixabiso lemveliso yerhafu kunye namasiko. |
| Uluhlu lokupakisha | Udwelisa izixa, iintsimbi kunye neenkcukacha zebhokisi. |
| IBill of Lading / AWB | Ikhontrakthi yezothutho kunye nobungqina bokulayisha. |
| Isatifiketi seMvelaphi | Iqinisekisa ilizwe lemveliso. |
3. Imirhumo, imiSebenzi, kunye neeRhafu zasekuhlaleni
Ilizwe ngalinye limisela iirhafu zalo zerhafu yokungenisa elizweni. Cwangcisa ezi ndleko kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwakho ukuze uphephe izinto ezimangalisayo emva kokufika.
- Ikhowudi ye-HS igqiba ngexabiso lentlawulo yezixhobo zakho.
- Amanye amazwe abiza i-VAT okanye i-GST ekuthengeni ngaphandle.
- I-broker okanye i-courier inokusingatha imvume ngentlawulo.
4. Ukulandelela, i-Inshurensi, kunye nokuPakisha
Ukupakishwa okuqinileyo kunye ne-inshurensi efanelekileyo igcina iodolo yakho ikhuselekile kuyo yonke imigama emide, ngakumbi kwiitheminali zentlawulo ezinovakalelo.
- Sebenzisa amanani okulandelela kuyo yonke imithwalo ethunyelwayo.
- Cela iikhathoni zebakala lokuthumela ngaphandle kunye nogwebu lwangaphakathi.
- Qwalasela i-inshurensi yomthwalo wempahla yexabiso eliphezulu.
🚢 Ii-Incoterms eziphambili kunye nokuba zithetha ukuthini ekuhanjisweni kwakho
I-Incoterms ichaza ukuba ngubani ohlawula imithwalo, uphatha amasiko, kwaye uthwala umngcipheko kwinqanaba ngalinye. Ixesha elifanelekileyo lenza inkqubo yakho yokungenisa elizweni icace kwaye ilungile.
Xa uodola izixhobo ezifana neIntlawulo engajongwanga Terminal EMV Card Reader, Ii-Incoterms zinceda ukwahlula umsebenzi phakathi kwakho kunye nomthengisi.
1. EXW (Ex Works)
Nge-EXW, umthengisi ulungisa kuphela iimpahla kwindawo yazo. Uphatha i-pickup, ukuthumela ngaphandle, uthutho oluphambili, ukungenisa, kunye nokuhanjiswa kwendawo.
- Ubuninzi bomsebenzi kunye nomngcipheko kumthengi.
- Iluncedo ukuba uneqela elomeleleyo lolungiselelo lwendawo.
2. FOB (Simahla ebhodini)
Ngaphantsi kwe-FOB, umthengisi uhambisa iimpahla kwinqanawa kwizibuko lokuthumela ngaphandle. Umngcipheko uza kuwe xa umthwalo ukhwele.
| Ipati | Uxanduva De |
|---|---|
| Umthengisi | Ilayisha kwinqanawa kwizibuko lemvelaphi |
| Umthengi | Umthwalo wolwandle, i-inshurensi, ukungenisa elizweni, ukuhanjiswa kokugqibela |
3. I-CIF (Iindleko, i-Inshurensi, kunye noThutho)
Nge-CIF, umthengisi uhlawula imithwalo yolwandle kunye ne-inshurensi esisiseko kwi-port yakho yokufika. Ujongana nokungenisa elizweni, iirhafu zalapha ekhaya, kunye nothutho lwangaphakathi.
- Umsebenzi ophantsi womthengi de kufike izibuko.
- Jonga iinkcukacha ze-inshorensi kunye nemida.
4. IDAP (Izisiwe kwindawo)
I-DAP ithetha ukuba umthengisi uthumela iimpahla kwindawo yakho enegama, zilungele ukuthululwa. Usalawula amasiko kunye neerhafu.
- Ilula kakhulu kubathengi abatsha.
- Iluncedo kwiimpahla ezintsonkothileyo zehardware.
🌍 Indlela ii-Incoterms ezizichaphazela ngayo iindleko zokuThutha, imingcipheko, kunye noxanduva
Ishifti nganye ye-Incoterm ehlawulayo, ngubani oququzelela imithwalo, kwaye ngubani othwele umngcipheko womonakalo. Tshatisa ixesha kwizakhono zakho kunye namaqabane asekuhlaleni.
Iindima ezicacileyo zithintela iingxabano kunye neentlawulo ezongezelelweyo zokugcina xa wakhoUkungahoywa kweSitena sentlawulo ye-MINI POSokanye iikhiyoski zifika kwizibuko.
1. Ukwabelana ngeendleko phakathi koMthengi kunye nomthengisi
I-Incoterms yahlula imithwalo, ukuphatha, kunye neendleko zamaxwebhu. Ukwazi oku kukunceda uthelekise iikowuti zomthengisi ngokuchanekileyo.
| Incoterm | Ngubani Ohlawula Uthutho Olungundoqo? |
|---|---|
| EXW | Umthengi |
| FOB | Umthengi |
| CIF | Umthengisi |
| DAP | Umthengisi |
2. Amanqaku okuDlulisa umngcipheko
Umngcipheko uhamba ngokwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo: umzi-mveliso, izibuko, inqanawa, okanye indawo yakho. Ngalo lonke ixesha uqinisekisa eyona ngongoma kwikhontrakthi yakho.
- EXW - ingozi kwisango lomthengisi.
- I-FOB – xa ilayishwe enqanaweni.
- I-CIF - ifana ne-FOB, nangona umthengisi ehlawula imithwalo.
- I-DAP - kufutshane nedilesi yomthengi.
3. Ngubani oLawula uThutho kunye neZintlu
Abanye abathengi bafuna ulawulo olupheleleyo; abanye bakhetha ukuthunyelwa kwenqanawa okulawulwa ngumthengisi. Khetha ngokusekwe kumandla kunye nexesha learhente yendawo.
- abathengi abatsha badla ngokukhetha CIF okanye DAP.
- Abarhwebi abanamava banokukhetha i-EXW okanye i-FOB yolawulo lweendleko.
🧭 Ukukhetha i-Incoterm echanekileyo kwaye kutheni iGolong icetyiswa
Khetha i-Incoterm yakho ngokusekwe kumava, ubungakanani beodolo, kunye nokungxamiseka kokuhanjiswa. Umthengisi obhetyebhetye kukunceda ukulawula ulungelelwaniso, ixabiso, kunye nesantya.
I-Golong ixhasa ii-Incoterms ezininzi kwaye inika ukuhla kweendleko ezicacileyo, ukuze ukwazi ukucwangcisa iiprojekthi zakho zentlawulo yehlabathi ngomngcipheko omncinci.
1. Ukuthelekisa ii-Incoterms kwiNqanaba lamava akho
Ukuba umtsha ekungeniseni ngaphandle, qala ngemiqathango apho umthengisi elawula amanyathelo angakumbi, emva koko uye kumagama aphambili njengoko ufumana isakhono.
- Umqali: FCA, CIF, DAP.
- Phakathi: I-FOB yokuthunyelwa elwandle.
- Ukuqhubela phambili: EXW kunye nomthumeli wakho.
2. Kutheni abathengi abaninzi bekhetha i-FOB okanye i-CIF
I-FOB kunye ne-CIF zinika ulwahlulo olufanelekileyo lomsebenzi. Umthengisi ulawula amanyathelo okuthumela ngaphandle, kwaye ulawula indawo oyaziyo kakhulu kwindawo oya kuyo.
| Ixesha | Inzuzo |
|---|---|
| FOB | Ukulawulwa kakuhle kweendleko zempahla kunye ne-inshorensi. |
| CIF | Ilula kubathengi ngaphandle koqhagamshelwano lokuthumela ngaphandle. |
3. Indlela iGolong exhasa ngayo abathengi behlabathi
I-Golong inikezela ngeengcebiso zokupakisha, amaxwebhu okuthumela ngaphandle, kunye neengcebiso ze-Incoterm zommandla ngamnye, ukunceda abathengi banciphise ukulibaziseka kunye nemirhumo efihliweyo.
- Isikhokelo kwiikhowudi zamasiko kunye namaxwebhu.
- Inkxaso yee-odolo zovavanyo kunye nokuthunyelwa ngobuninzi.
- Imiqathango yokuthumela eguquguqukayo ngokwenqanaba leprojekthi.
📑 Iingcebiso eziSebenzayo zokuThumela uBushelele, ubuHassle-Ukuhanjiswa kweHlabathi simahla
Ukucwangcisa olomeleleyo, ii-Incoterms ezicacileyo, kunye namaxwebhu achanekileyo anceda izixhobo zakho zokuhlawula zifike ngexesha kwaye zikwimeko entle.
Sebenzisa la macebiso angezantsi ukuze unciphise ukulibaziseka, uthintele iindleko zokugcina, kwaye ugcine ishedyuli yeprojekthi yakho ikhuselekile.
1. Cwangcisa amaxesha kunye neentsuku ze-Buffer
Yakha amaxesha okuhamba aqinisekileyo kwaye ubandakanye iintsuku ze-buffer zokutshekishwa kwamasiko, iiholide, kunye nokuxinana kwezibuko.
- Qinisekisa imveliso kunye nemihla yenqanawa ngokubhaliweyo.
- Jonga iiholide zikawonke-wonke kwimvelaphi kunye namazwe ekusingwa kuwo.
- Vumela ixesha elongezelelweyo lokungeniswa ngaphandle okokuqala.
2. Nxibelelana Ngokucacileyo noMboneleli wakho
Yabelana nge-Incoterm yakho, idilesi yohambiso, kunye neemfuno zamasiko kwangethuba. Cela ukupakisha iifoto kunye namanqaku okuthumela ngaphambi kokulayisha.
| Inyathelo | Yintoni omawuyiqinisekise |
|---|---|
| Ngaphambi komyalelo | Incoterm, izibuko, indlela yokuhlawula. |
| Ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa | Iileyibhile zeCarton, uluhlu lokupakisha, ikhowudi yeHS. |
| Emva kokuthunyelwa | Ukulandelela, i-ETA, iikopi zamaxwebhu. |
3. Lungiselela ukuCocwa kweRhafu
Khetha umthengisi wamasiko othembekileyo okanye umthumeli. Yabelana ngawo onke amaxwebhu kwangethuba ukuze bakwazi ukujonga kwangaphambili kwaye bakhawulezise ukucocwa.
- Gcina iikopi zedijithali zee-invoyisi kunye nezatifikethi.
- Qinisekisa ukuba igama lenkampani kunye nesazisi serhafu zichanekile.
- Phendula ngokukhawuleza kuyo nayiphi na imibuzo yamasiko.
Ukuqukumbela
Ukuqonda ukuhanjiswa kwelizwe jikelele kunye ne-Incoterms kuguqula ukungenisa elizweni okuntsonkothileyo kube ngamanyathelo acacileyo, aphindaphindwayo. Unokulawula iindleko, unciphise umngcipheko, kwaye ukhusele iishedyuli zokuhanjiswa.
Ngokusebenza nomthengisi ocacisa imiqathango, amaxwebhu abelane kwangoko, kwaye abonelele ngeenketho ezibhetyebhetye, iiprojekthi zakho zentlawulo yamazwe ngamazwe zihlala zigudile kwaye ziqikelelwa.
Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo malunga noMenzi womfundi wekhadi le-smart ngaphandle koqhagamshelwano
1. Kufuneka ndijonge ntoni phambi kokungenisa ngaphandle contactless smart card readers?
Qinisekisa izatifikethi, iiprothokholi zonxibelelwano, imigaqo yewaranti, kunye ne-Incoterm. Buza iimvavanyo zesampulu, amaxwebhu edatha aneenkcukacha, kunye neenkcukacha zokupakishwa ngaphambi kokufaka iodolo eninzi.
2. Yeyiphi i-Incoterm engcono kubathengi bokuqala - abathengi?
abathengi abaninzi abatsha bakhetha CIF okanye DAP. Umthengisi ulawula amanyathelo amaninzi okuthumela, ngelixa uphethe amasiko asekuhlaleni kunye nokuhanjiswa kokugqibela.
3. Ndingawunciphisa njani umonakalo wokuthumela kwiitheminali zokuhlawula?
Cela iingxowa ezichasene ne-static, ukufakwa kogwebu, kunye neebhokisi ezinamandla zokuthumela ngaphandle. Sebenzisa iipalethi, cacisa iilebhile "ezibuthathaka", kwaye uqwalasele i-inshurensi yokuthunyelwa kwempahla enkulu okanye yexabiso eliphezulu.
4. Ngaba ii-Incoterms zibandakanya imiqathango yentlawulo ngokunjalo?
Hayi. I-Incoterms ichaza kuphela ukuhanjiswa, ixabiso, kunye nokwabelana ngomngcipheko. Imigaqo yentlawulo efana ne-T/T, L/C, okanye i-OA kufuneka kuvunyelwane ngayo ngokwahlukeneyo kwikhontrakthi yakho.
5. Kutheni ukukhetha ikhowudi yeHS kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthengeni ngaphandle umfundi wekhadi?
Ikhowudi yeHS imisela izinga lomsebenzi wakho kwaye inokuchaphazela iilayisensi ezifunekayo. Ikhowudi echanekileyo yehlisa umngcipheko wokuthobela kwaye inceda ukuphepha ukulibaziseka okanye izohlwayo.